central asian republic

The history of Ctral Asia concerns the history of the various peoples that have inhabited Ctral Asia. The lifestyle of such people has be determined primarily by the area's climate and geography. The aridity of the region makes agriculture difficult and distance from the sea cut it off from much trade. Thus, few major cities developed in the region. Nomadic horse peoples of the steppe dominated the area for millnia.

Relations betwe the steppe nomads and the settled people in and around Ctral Asia were marked by conflict. The nomadic lifestyle was well suited to warfare, and the steppe horse riders became some of the most militarily pott people in the world, due to the devastating techniques and ability of their horse archers.

Periodically, tribal leaders or changing conditions would cause several tribes to organize themselves into a single military force, which would th oft launch campaigns of conquest, especially into more 'civilized' areas. A few of these types of tribal coalitions included the Huns' invasion of Europe, various Turkic migrations into Transoxiana, the Wu Hu attacks on China and most notably the Mongol conquest of much of Eurasia.

Soviet Central Asian Military District

The dominance of the nomads ded in the 16th ctury as firearms allowed settled people to gain control of the region. The Russian Empire, the Qing dynasty of China, and other powers expanded into the area and seized the bulk of Ctral Asia by the d of the 19th ctury. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union incorporated most of Ctral Asia; only Mongolia and Afghanistan remained nominally indepdt, although Mongolia existed as a Soviet satellite state and Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in the late 20th ctury. The Soviet areas of Ctral Asia saw much industrialization and construction of infrastructure, but also the suppression of local cultures and a lasting legacy of ethnic tsions and vironmtal problems.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, five Ctral Asian countries gained indepdce — Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. In all of the new states, former Communist Party officials retained power as local strongm, with the partial exception of Kyrgyzstan which, despite ousting three post-Soviet presidts in popular uprisings, has as yet be unable to consolidate a stable democracy.

Anatomically modern humans (Homo sapis) reached Ctral Asia by 50, 000 to 40, 000 years ago. The Tibetan Plateau is thought to have be reached by 38, 000 years ago.

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The currtly oldest modern human sample found in northern Ctral Asia, is a 45, 000-year-old remain, which was getically closest to ancit and modern East Asians, but his lineage died out quite early.

Getic, archeologic and linguistic evidce links the early Turkic peoples to the "Northeast Asian ge pool". Proto-Turks are suggested to have adopted a nomadic lifestyle and expanded from eastern Mongolia westwards.

Paleolithic Ctral Asia was characterized by an distinctive but deeply European-related population (Ancit North Eurasian), with subsequt geflow from Paleo-Siberians, contributing East Asian-related ancestry towards Paleolithic Ctral Asians. During the Bronze Age, ancit Ctral Asia received various migration evts from Europe and the Middle East, associated with Indo-Europeans. Bronze Age Ctral Asia consisted largely of Iranian peoples, with some groups being of Paleo-Siberian and Samoyedic (Uralic) origin. Since the early Iron Age, Ctral Asia received noteworthy amounts of migration from East Asian-related populations, and became increasingly diverse. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous Iranian-speaking locals, turning the population of Ctral Asia from largely Iranian, into primarily of East Asian desct. Modern Ctral Asians are characterized by both West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian ancestry, with the majority being of primarily East Asian ancestry, and can be linked to expanding Turkic peoples outgoing from Mongolia and Northeast Asia.

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The term Ceramic Mesolithic is used of late Mesolithic cultures of Ctral Asia, during the 6th to 5th millnia BC (in Russian archaeology, these cultures are described as Neolithic ev though farming is abst). It is characterized by its distinctive type of pottery, with point or knob base and flared rims, manufactured by methods not used by the Neolithic farmers. The earliest manifestation of this type of pottery may be in the region around Lake Baikal in Siberia. It appears in the Elshan or Yelshanka or Samara culture on the Volga in Russia by about 7000 BC.

The Botai culture (c. 3700–3100 BC) is suggested to be the earliest culture to have domesticated the horse. The four analyzed Botai samples had about 2/3 European-related and 1/3 East Asian-related ancestry. The Botai samples also showed high affinity towards the Mal'ta boy sample in Siberia.

In the Pontic–Caspian steppe, Chalcolithic cultures develop in the second half of the 5th millnium BC, small communities in permant settlemts which began to gage in agricultural practices as well as herding. Around this time, some of these communities began the domestication of the horse. According to the Kurgan hypothesis, the north-west of the region is also considered to be the source of the root of the Indo-European languages. The horse-drawn chariot appears in the 3rd millnium BC, by 2000 BC, in the form of war chariots with spoked wheels, thus being made more maneuverable, and dominated the battlefields. The growing use of the horse, combined with the failure, roughly around 2000 BC, of the always precarious irrigation systems that had allowed for extsive agriculture in the region, gave rise and dominance of pastoral nomadism by 1000 BC, a way of life that would dominate the region for the next several millnia, giving rise to the Scythian expansion of the Iron Age.

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Scattered nomadic groups maintained herds of sheep, goats, horses, and camels, and conducted annual migrations to find new pastures (a practice known as transhumance). The people lived in yurts (or gers) – tts made of hides and wood that could be disassembled and transported. Each group had several yurts, each accommodating about five people.

While the semi-arid plains were dominated by the nomads, small city-states and sedtary agrarian societies arose in the more humid areas of Ctral Asia. The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex of the early 2nd millnium BC was the first sedtary civilization of the region, practicing irrigation farming of wheat and barley and possibly a form of writing. Bactria-Margiana probably interacted with the contemporary Bronze Age nomads of the Andronovo culture, the originators of the spoke-wheeled chariot, who lived to their north in western Siberia, Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan, and survived as a culture until the 1st millnium BC. These cultures, particularly Bactria-Margiana, have be posited as possible represtatives of the hypothetical Aryan culture ancestral to the speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages (see Indo-Iranians).

Later the strongest of Sogdian city-states of the Fergana Valley rose to promince. After the 1st ctury BC, these cities became home to the traders of the Silk Road and grew wealthy from this trade. The steppe nomads were depdt on these settled people for a wide array of goods that were impossible for transit populations to produce. The nomads traded for these wh they could, but because they gerally did not produce goods of interest to sedtary people, the popular alternative was to carry out raids.

Map Of Central Asia (asian Development Bank 2010).

A wide variety of people came to populate the steppes. Nomadic groups in Ctral Asia included the Huns and other Turks, as well as Indo-Europeans such as the Tocharians, Persians, Scythians, Saka, Yuezhi, Wusun, and others, and a number of Mongol groups. Despite these ethnic and linguistic differces, the steppe lifestyle led to the adoption of very similar culture across the region.

A monumtal Sogdian wall mural of Samarkand, dated c. 650 AD, known as the Ambassadors' Painting, found in the hall of the ruin of an aristocratic house in Afrasiab, commissioned by the Sogdian king of Samarkand, Varkhuman

In the 2nd and 1st millnia BC, a series of large and powerful states developed on the southern periphery of Ctral Asia (the Ancit Near East). These empires launched several attempts to conquer the steppe people but met with only mixed success. The Median Empire and Achaemid Empire both ruled parts of Ctral Asia. The Xiongnu Empire (209 BC-93 (156) AD) may be se as the first ctral Asian empire which set an example for later Göktürk and Mongol empires.

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Xiongnu's ancestor Xianyu tribe founded Zhongshan state (c. 6th ctury BC – c. 296 BC) in Hebei province, China. The title chanyu was used by the Xiongnu rulers before Modun Chanyu so it is possible that statehood history of the Xiongnu began long before Modun's rule.

Following the success of the Han–Xiongnu War, Chinese states would also regularly strive to extd their power westwards. Despite their military might, these states found it difficult to conquer the whole region.

Wh faced by a stronger force, the nomads could simply retreat deep into the steppe and wait for the invaders to leave. With no cities and little wealth other than the herds they took with them, the nomads had nothing they could be forced to defd. An example of this is giv by Herodotus's detailed account of the futile Persian campaigns against the Scythians. The Scythians, like most nomad empires, had permant settlemts of various sizes, represting various degrees of civilisation.

Tvpa Tier Listings For South And Central Asian States.

The vast fortified settlemt

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